Description
Potentially Misidentified Species - The ancyrocephalids listed have been reported from Pomoxis spp. in the Chesapeake watershed (Hargis 1952).
Two other species of Tetracleidus (T. stentor and T. vancleavei) are known from Pomoxis spp. in Westhampton Lake (Hargis 1952). However, they have not been reported from the Susquehanna River (Deutsch 1977), or any other locations where the host species are clearly known to have been introduced, and so are omitted from this database.
Taxonomy
| Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family | Genus |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animalia | Platyhelminthes | Trematoda | Monogenea | Ancyrocephalidae | Tetracleidus |
Synonyms
Invasion History
Chesapeake Bay Status
| First Record | Population | Range | Introduction | Residency | Source Region | Native Region | Vectors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1950 | Established | Unknown | Introduced | Unconfirmed | North America | North America | Fisheries(Fisheries Accidental) |
History of Spread
Tetracleidus capax is a monogenean trematode which has been reported only from Pomoxis nigromaculatus (Black Crappie) and P. annularis (White Crappie). It was described from both host species in IL (Mizelle 1936). Both species of Pomoxis are native to the Missisippi, Gulf of Mexico, and Great Lakes-St. Lawrence basins. Pomoxis nigromaculatus is also native to the southeastern Atlantic Slope, probably as far north as the James River VA (Jenkins and Burkhead 1993; Lee et al. 1980; Page and Burr 1991). Tetracleidus capax has been reported over much of the range of the host species, from LA and TN north to Ontario and Manitoba (Beverly-Burton 1986b; Hoffman 1967), and may range through much or all of the combined native range of the host species.
The two species of Pomoxis have been stocked and are now established through most of temperate North America, beginning in the 19th century. Pomoxis nigromaculatus has also been introduced to France and Germany (Jenkins and Burkhead 1993; Lee et al. 1980; Page and Burr 1991).
Pomoxis annularis is a definite introduction to the Chesapeake Bay watershed, beginning in the Susquehanna River before 1881 (Creveling 1881). It has been introduced to many Chesapeake tributaries, but its establishment is spotty (Jenkins and Burkhead 1993). Pomoxis nigromaculatus has a more complex history, and is considered probably native to the James River drainage (Cope 1869; Jenkins and Burkhead 1993), but probably introduced in tributaries to the north, including the Susquehanna (Bean 1893) and was established in the Bay tributaries on the western shore of the Bay by 1900 (Jenkins and Burkhead 1993). This species is more abundant around the Bay than P. annularis, and more inclined to enter fresh-oligohaline Coastal Plain and estuarine waters (Jenkins and Burkhead 1993).
The only location in which T. capax has been reported to occur outside its probable native range is in the Chesapeake Bay drainage, in the Susquehanna River in Wyoming and Luzerne Counties PA, where it was found in P. nigromaculatus (Deutsch 1977). The other site in the Chesapeake watershed where T. capax was reported, also from Pomoxis nigromaculatus is Westhampton Lake, Richmond VA (Hargis 1952), which lies within the probable native range of P. nigromaculatus, in the James River drainage. Since P. nigromaculatus is considered to be probably introduced in most of the Chesapeake Bay drainage, and P. annularis is also widespread (though spotty), T. capax may be a widespread parasite. Additional studies of fish parasites in the region would be needed to confirm the distribution and abundance of T. capax.
History References - Bean 1893; Beverly-Burton 1986b; Cope 1869; Creveling 1881; Deutsch 1977; Hargis 1952; Hoffman 1967; Jenkins and Burkhead 1993; Lee et al. 1980; Mizelle 1936; Mueller 1936; Page and Burr 1991; Pavol and Davis 1982
Invasion Comments
Chesapeake Regions Invaded - Reported from the Susquehanna River in Wyoming and Luzerne Counties PA (Deutsch 1977), one of only 2 locationsin the Chesapeake watershed where helminth parasites of fishes have been been extensively studied. Based on the distribution of its known hosts Pomoxis annularis and P. nigromaculatus (Jenkins and Burkhead 1993; Pavol and Davis 1993). Tetracleidus capax is considered likely to occur in many tidal fresh and oligohaline tributaries on the western shore of Chesapeake Bay.
Invasion Status - Tetracleidus capax is considered to be introduced to the Chesapeake region, based on its occurrence in the Susquehanna River (Deustch 1977), where P. nigromaculatus is a probable introduction. The parasite's other known location in the Chesapeake watershed, Westhampton Lake, Richmond VA (Hargis 1952), lies within the likely native range of P. nigromaculatus (Jenkins and Burkhead 1993), and probably of the parasite also.
Residency - We have not yet found any studies of trematodes of introduced fish species in the tidal waters of Chesapeake Bay. Inclusion of Tetracleidus capax is based on its presence in the Chesapeake watershed in Westhampton Lake, Richmond VA (Hargis 1952), and in the Susquehanna River, central PA (Deutsch 1977) and the occurrence of the host, Pomoxis nigromaculatus (Black Crappie), and also Pomoxis annularis (White Crappie) in tidal fresh-oligohaline tributaries of the Bay (Jenkins and Burkhead 1993).
Ecology
Environmental Tolerances
| For Survival | For Reproduction | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum | Maximum | Minimum | Maximum | |
| Temperature (ºC) | ||||
| Salinity (‰) | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
| Oxygen | hypoxic | |||
| pH | ||||
| Salinity Range | fresh-oligo |
Age and Growth
| Male | Female | |
|---|---|---|
| Minimum Adult Size (mm) | 2.0 | 2.0 |
| Typical Adult Size (mm) | 2.3 | 2.0 |
| Maximum Adult Size (mm) | 2.7 | 2.7 |
| Maximum Longevity (yrs) | ||
| Typical Longevity (yrs |
Reproduction
| Start | Peak | End | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reproductive Season | |||
| Typical Number of Young Per Reproductive Event |
|||
| Sexuality Mode(s) | |||
| Mode(s) of Asexual Reproduction |
|||
| Fertilization Type(s) | |||
| More than One Reproduction Event per Year |
|||
| Reproductive Startegy | |||
| Egg/Seed Form |
Impacts
Economic Impacts in Chesapeake Bay
Specific impacts of Tetracleidus capax are not known in the Chesapeake Bay region, but its most frequent hosts, Pomoxis nigromaculatus (Black Crappie) and P. annularis (White Crappie) are economically important sportfish in tributaries of the Bay (Jenkins and Burkhead 1993).
References- Jenkins and Burkhead 1993
Economic Impacts Outside of Chesapeake Bay
Monogenean trematodes as a group, are considered potential pests of fishes in hatcheries, and may cause mortality of wild fish populations under naturally occurring conditions of crowding or stress (Hoffman 1967). However, specific impacts of Tetracleidus capax on wild or cultured Crappie are not known.
References- Hoffman 1967
Ecological Impacts on Chesapeake Native Species
Since Tetracleidus capax, like most other monogeneans, is highly host-specific (Beverly-Burton 1986b; Hoffman 1967), and its only known hosts are introduced in most (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) or all (P. annularis) of the Chesapeake watershed (Jenkins and Burkhead 1993), it has had no direct impacts on native Chesapeake biota. Indirect impacts of Tetracleidus capax, through effects on populations of Pomoxis spp., can not be ruled out, since the impacts of gill trematode parasites on this species has not been studied.
References - Beverly-Burton 1986b; Hoffman 1967
Ecological Impacts on Other Chesapeake Non-Native Species
Tetracleidus capax is a gill parasite known so far only from Pomoxis nigromaculatus (Black Crappie) and P. annularis (White Crappie) (Hoffman 1967; Beverly-Burton 1986b). Tetracleidus capax is known both from Westhampton Lake, Richmond VA, in the James River basin, where P. nigromaculatus may be native, and from the Susquehanna River PA, (Deutsch 1977), where it is probably introduced (Bean 1893; Jenkins and Burkhead 1993). The other potential host, P. annularis, is definitely an introduction to the Chesapeake Bay watershed.
Parasitism - We have not found information on specific effects of T. capax on its hosts. Some monogeneans (Gyrodactylus spp., Dactylogyrus spp.) are known as serious pests of cultured fishes (Hoffman 1967). 'Other Monogenea probably are potential threats of fish culture but have not been adequately studied. In fish populations that have become crowded in nature, similar hardships have been known to occur' (Hoffman 1967).
Competition - Two other Tetracleidus species (T. stentor, T. vancleavei) were found on P. nigromaculatus in Westhampton Lake (Hargis 1952; Hargis 1953), but there is no information on whether these species have been transplanted to drainages outside the probable native range of P. nigromaculatus. Competition has been suggested as a possible mechanism affecting the abundance and diversity of gill trematodes in fishes (Mizelle and Crane 1964; Rawson and Rogers 1972).
References - Bean 1893; Deutsch 1977; Hargis 1952; Hargis 1953; Hoffman 1967; Jenkins and Burkhead 1993; Mizelle and Crane 1964; Beverly-Burton 1986b; Rawson and Rogers 1972
References
Bean, Tarleton H. (1893) The fishes of Pennsylvania, In: (Eds.) . , Harrisburg PA. Pp.Beverley-Burton, Mary (1986) Guide to the parasites of fishes of Canada Part I: Monogenea and Turbellaria, Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 74: 5-209
Beverley-Burton, Mary; Klassen, Gregory J. (1990) New approaches to the systematics of the ancyrocephalid monogenea from nearartic freshwater fishes, The Journal of Parasitology 76: 1-21
Carlander, Kenneth D. (1977) Handbook of Freshwater Fishery Biology. , In: (Eds.) Handbook of Freshwater Fishery Biology, Volume Two: Life History Data on Centrarchid Fishes of the U.S & Canada. , Ames. Pp. Ames
Cope, Edward Drinker (1869) On the distribution of fishes in the Allegheny region of southwestern Virginia, Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 6: 207-249
Deutsch, William G. (1977) Fish parasites from the Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania, with new host records, Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 51: 122-124
Hardy, Jerry D., Jr. (1978) Development of fishes of the Mid-Atlantic Bight. Vol. 3. Aphredoderidae through Rachycentridae., In: (Eds.) . , Washington DC. Pp.
Hargis, William J., Jr. (1952) Monogenetic trematodes of Westhampton Lake fishes. II. A list of species and key to the genera encountered, The Virginia Journal of Science 3: 112-115
Hargis, William J., Jr. (1953) Monogenetic trematodes of Westhampton Lake fishes. III. Part I: Comparative morphology of the species encountered, The Journal of Parasitology 39: 88-105
Hoffman, Glenn L. (1967) Parasites of North American freshwater fishes, In: (Eds.) . , Berkeley. Pp.
Jenkins, Robert E.; Burkhead, Noel M. (1993) Freshwater fishes of Virginia., , Bethesda, MD. Pp.
Lee, David S.; Gilbert, Carter R.; Hocutt, Charles H.; Jenkins, Robert E.; McAllister, Don E.; Stauffer, Jay R. (1980) Atlas of North American Freshwater Fishes, , Raleigh. Pp.
Mizelle, John D.; Crane, John W. (1964) Studies on monogenetic trematodes, XXIII. Gill parasites of Micropterus salmoides (Lacépède) from California ponds., Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 83: 343-348
Mizelle, John D.; Hughes, R. Chester (1938) North American fresh-water Tetraonchinae, American Midland Naturalist 20: 341-353
Mueller, Justus F. (1936) Studies on North American Gyrodactyloidea, Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 55: 55-72
Page, Lawrence M.; Burr, Brooks M. (1991) Freshwater Fishes., , Boston. Pp.
Pavol, Kenneth W.; Davis, Robert W. (1982) An investigation of the smallmouth bass in the Susquehanna River below Conowingo Dam, F-29R , Annapolis MD. Pp.
Rawson, Rogers; Wilmer A. (1972) The seasonal abundance of the Ancyrocephalinae (Monogenea) on largemouth bass in the Walter F. George Reservoir, Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 39: 159-162
Smith, Barry A. (1971) The fishes of four low-salinity tidal tributaries of the Delaware River estuary., In: (Eds.) An Ecological Study of the Delaware River in the Vicinity of Artificial Island. , Ithaca, N.Y.. Pp.
Wang, Johnson, C. S.; Kenehahan, Ronnie (1979) Fishes of the Delaware estuaries: a guide to the early life histories, , Towson MD. Pp.